Farm Girl Inspirations

How to train a rooster to be nice (or at least to stop attacking you).

Hey there! Do you have trouble with your rooster trying to attack you? Me too. Today, let's talk about training a rooster to be nice, or at least civil, anyway.

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Meet Roo, our super-cool-dude rooster. Roo wasn't always Roo, you know. His name used to be Nutmeg, and he used to be a girl, or so we thought. (His name fit with all his siblings' pantry names: Cocao, Cracker, Peanut, Honey, Butterscotch, Pepper, and Olive). A girl? Yes, he had us fooled at first.

For about six weeks we thought Roo was going to lay eggs like the rest of our flock. It's what the grumpy man at the feed-store had promised. He'd said that the eight birds we bought were 99.99% guaranteed to be female. So much for promises. I guess that makes Roo the .01%. The lowest probability. And yet, here he is. That makes him pretty special in my book!

I'll admit, at first we didn't know if we wanted to keep Roo...

The man at the feed store had said if we ended up with a rooter by mistake, we could bring him back. (They had a farm they banished un-wanted roosters to, I guess). But that just seemed so sad. Lucky for Roo, by the time we heard his first warbly attempt at crowing, we'd already come to love him. Besides, with our flock being allowed to free-range a fair amount of the time, he would be needed to protect the hens. So we kept him.

But then Roo hit his teenage stage. Oh my! Suddenly, he was charging me with his newly grown spurs, and biting me with his very mean beak. Let me tell you, I grew leery of that bird in a hurry. (Why did he only pick on me? Why didn't he ever go after my husband or son)?

That's when we started talking about the stew pot. That's right, Roo came very close to being our first pot of home-grown chicken noodle soup. But no one really wanted it to end that way. What we wanted was to have a our nice well behaved rooster back.

But it was going to be up me. In a rooster's world, it's all about dominance. Since I was his chosen target, somehow I needed to find a way to teach Roo who was top rooster around here--me. It was the only way we all could win.

So the battle began...

But wait! Before I share with you how we trained our rooster to be a respectful little citizen on this farm, I want to talk about why we wanted to make things work with Roo. Sadly, roosters don't get a fair shake much of time. Most end up at the farm for un-wanted roosters or as dinner on the table. But here's all the things we dig about our big man-bird, and why we think he's worth his weight in chicken feed (and worth the struggle to train him)...

Five reasons we kinda dig our rooster (and think he's worth training)...

1. He puts food on the table for his girls. Everyday, I'm amazed at how Roo faithfully scouts up treats for his girls. He never seems to tire of the job. From sun-up to sun-down, he leads his flock around our farm, looking for food. When he finds something juicy and nutritious, like sweet clover, a baby frog, or a big spider crawling over the dirt, he pecks at the ground and makes a special clucking sound to call the girls over. Then he picks up whatever he found in his beak (or he keeps pointing with his beak if it's a moving target). The girls always come running. What impresses me, is the selflessness of my big man-bird. I rarely see him eat. Once the girls scamper over, it's always ladies first. Roo stands guard with his head held high while he lets his girls eat their fill. What a gentleman! I feel such respect for him whenever I see this.

2. He has a gentle side. Roosters aren't all mean and nasty. Don't get me wrong, I know that depending the breed, some roosters may not be as trainable as others. Some can be just plain mean and aggressive, no matter what you do. But many can be trained. Many, like our Roo, can actually be tamed to the point of liking to be held, pet and cuddled. (However, I can't get away with this, because of the mutual understanding needed between me and Roo. But for some reason, he lets my son cuddle him all the time! Roo will even fall asleep in Tim's lap).

Roo has a gentle side with his hens too. He can be very patient with them. (Now, I'm not talking about mating. Mating is a completely different thing. When Roo decides it's time, what follows looks entirely rude, abrupt and quite miserable for the hen, but this is totally normal among chickens). What I mean is how Roo just hangs out with his girls. Sometimes, maybe because they're bored (or maybe they're being flirty), the hens will walk up to Roo and sort of pick at his chest feathers, or the feathers on the back of his neck. He just stands there unruffled, or he gently nudges them away. It reminds of a teenage girl trying to get a guy's attention by tickling his side.

3. He's entertaining to watch. Roo makes keeping a flock of chickens interesting. His antics are some of the most fun to watch. The way he communicates with his girls is fascinating. He makes so many sounds different from the hens. Many of the sounds he makes are warnings of danger, but sometimes he's just saying, "Hey, did you hear that? What do you think it is?" And the girls will all stop, cock their heads and listen. Pretty soon, they're all having a quiet conversation about it together. Then there's the way Roo dupes the girls into doing what he wants. Like when he pretends to have found something yummy, but when a hen runs over, he promptly mounts her. (Sorry. It's just a fact of farm life). We never get bored watching our rooster with his hens.

4. He propagates his flock. I've already mentioned the unpleasantries of the mating-scene, but to a homesteader who strives for self-sufficiency, keeping a rooster for the purpose of creating baby chicks may make sense. (However, roosters aren't essential for this these days. As I understand it, you can get eggs already fertilized and use an incubator). But propagation isn't the only benefit to a rooster's perpetual mating drive. All that "chicken surfing" as we call it, actually helps promote more egg laying among the hens.

5. He stands guard over his flock--All.Day.Long. A good rooster never ceases to guard his girls from harm. I watch Roo with amazement around here. He's tireless. He's always got his eye on the sky, or across the pasture looking for threats. If he sees a predator, even far off in the distance, he makes a warning sound and will lead the hens under a tree or shrub, or to some other shelter. Whether the hens are eating, taking a dust bath, or resting, Roo stands as a sentinel for their safety. If ever attacked, a rooster will quite often fight to the death if needed.

What makes a rooster troublesome?

The fact that a rooster can protect his flock is exactly what can make him troublesome. He comes equipped with some very effective weapons. Take a look...

1. Roosters have big mean pinchy beaks. A rooster bite can break the skin and draw blood (ask me how I know).

2. Roosters also have long sharp talons and even bigger sharper spurs. When Roo fights, he'll jump at his enemy feet-first and can gouge some gnarly wounds even through clothing.

As useful as these weapons are for protecting his flock, these are exactly the reason training is essential, if you want to feel safe among your flock. So now, let's talk about how to train that big brute, shall we?

How to train a rooster to behave...

When I first tried to train Roo, I used every trick in the book. Take kindness, for example. I'd heard that roosters act aggressive when they're scared of you. So I'd kneel and try to feed Roo from my hand. Or pick him up and hold him if he tried to charge me. Or talk sweetly to him. But this actually made things worse and it usually ended with me getting a bruise from a rooster bite on my arm or hand. Clearly, kindness was not what my rooster needed for him to learn respect for me.

What Roo needed, was for me to act like another rooster. (Yep. Cock-a-doodle me). In a rooster's world, it's all about dominance. It's not uncommon for two roosters to live within the same flock and get along nicely together. Did you know that? What it comes down to is the pecking order. Usually, peace can reign if one rooster can establish dominance over the other (if they don't kill each other first, which does happen).

So I went to rooster school. I studied my chickens to see how they displayed dominance toward one another. (Even the hens will display dominance over each other).

Here's what a show of dominance might look like:

Puffed up neck feathers
Wings spread wide at the sides, and possibly flapping toward the other (almost like clapping in the face the other)
Direct eye-contact
Stepping forward to make the other back away
Nipping with the beak
In the case of the rooster, mating can be viewed as dominance vs. submission. A rooster will drop a wing to the ground and dance a circle around a hen. Using his dropped wing to corral her, he'll then grab her neck feathers in his beak and mount her from behind. (The important observation being this: The chicken who can hold another down is dominant).

Roo's wings are beginning to open at his sides and his neck feathers are puffed up.

What about submission? What does that look like in chicken language? Well, I'll tell you...

Head dropped low to the ground, tail high
Pecking at the ground to eat, or pretend to eat even when nothing's there
Walking or running away

These are all submissive actions.

Running away is a sign of submission.

Becoming the top-dog rooster...

Armed with this knowledge, I set to work acting like the king of the pen while looking for submission from Roo. What began as an experiment, has now become my standby ritual. To begin with, here's how I interact with Roo on a daily basis...

I don't show fear of him at all, though I always remain on guard.

If I go out to feed our chickens or give them water, I always keep an eye on Roo. (That's exactly what he does to me, so I do the same).

I also try to always be aware of what I call his territorial circle. I give him space. And if I have to cross that invisible threshold, I do it with caution.

If he starts to react, I'll stop and act like I'm doing something non-threatening until he moves away a bit. I basically give him the respect I expect in return.

But what about those times when Roo is itching to try out his new spurs on me? What do I do when he tries to charge me? Let me tell you...

What to do if your rooster charges you...

This is not my favorite part of rooster training. But it's the part that must be done if Roo is to stay off of our dinner table. So here goes...

Roo's feather's are puffed at his neck, a show of aggression and dominance, but his head is turned to the side. He's about to run away.

If Roo charges me...

I Immediately turn to face him square on. I drop to a low crouch with fists on hips and arms bent at the elbows, so I look kind of like a big mad rooster with my wings out--just like Roo does.

I look him square in the eye and say something in a low voice like, "Don't even think about it!"

I hold that position and watch. If he takes a step toward me, I take a step toward him. I keep watching. I'm waiting for him to lower his head and start pecking at the ground (which is funny, because he always picks up a stick or a piece of straw and acts like he's eating it, which is silly, but it's a good sign--a show of submission).

I wait for him to move away (as he pretends to eat pieces of straw) until he's far enough away that I'd have time to react if he tries to charge again.

I keep my eyes on him as I resume a normal posture and move away (casually). Before I turn to walk away, I take my eyes off of Roo (but keep the ones in the back of my head still on him, if you know what I mean). Roo is smart. We both know how to play this game. Sometimes, he's bluffing, but then so am I.

Head down, tail high is a show of submission.

Now that we've been doing this a while, this is where it all usually ends. Roo tests the waters, finds I'm still in charge and goes his marry way. But sometimes, he's had a few too many sunflower seeds and is feeling his spurs. That's when I take things to the next level.

What to do if your rooster won't take a hint...

You may think I'm terribly mean for what I'm about to show you, but by now I hope you believe me when I say this is all for Roo's good. We really don't want to even think about hacking him off or giving him the boot to some rooster-reject farm. So I press on...

At first, I used to get a hold of Roo and hold him to the ground (being careful not to hurt him in any way). I'd roll him on his side and gently hold his neck and the rest of his body to the ground. I'd hold him there for like a minute or two. This move seems similar to what he does to the hens in the supreme act of dominance over them when he mates with them. (I read about this somewhere). The idea is to have a "final straw" move you can make on your rooster that puts him in his place. Only this move didn't seem to work. Roo would only hop up afterwards madder than a hornet and charge me again.

So I moved on to another approach, but with the same idea. This has worked wonders.

Basically, if the unpleasant encounter proceeds to the point of me being charged two or more times, or if Roo attempts to lunge at me, I make my "final straw" move. I catch his tail feathers until I can get a hold of his feet. Then I pick him up (his whole body, using two hands until I can safely turn him up-side-down) and I hold him there by his feet.

This always takes the fight right out of him. For one thing, when a chicken is held up-side-down, blood rushes to his head and has a calming effect on him. I only hold him like this until he's calm (a short time). Then I carefully lay him on the ground and walk away. The result is a humbled rooster. He usually stands right up and walks away with his tail between his legs so to speak. I never enjoy doing this. But it has been the one thing to restore peace.

The good news is that once a pecking order has been established in a flock, things tend to stay the same, unless something happens to change things, like a bird becoming ill, or dying. What this means for me and my Roo is this: I shouldn't ever revert to trying to cuddle or talk baby-talk to Roo (no I never really talked baby-talk to him, are you kidding?--ahem). If I did that, I'd blow my cover and he'd be all over me again!

It's not like Roo has turned into a mouse after all this. Far from it. We both enjoy a mutual peace and respect that serves both sides well. Yet, from time to time, I do have to maintain the pecking order. This means I'm always ready to defend my top-dog position, which Roo sometimes feels the need to challenge. But we both know how this works, so when he gets the itch, more often than not, just one quick mean-rooster posture from me sends him packing.

No animals were injured or killed in the making of this post...

I've hesitated to share this post with you, because I know some will think I'm a big meany. But my reason for sharing it anyway, is in hopes of empowering you if you struggle with a rooster. In today's world of factory farming where roosters are automatically disposed of almost the minute they're born, I think roosters should be given every chance to live. These big smart man-birds can be a true asset to a homestead. So if something I've shared makes you feel empowered, and if a rooster lives a happy life as a result, then it's worth the possible disapproval of some.

One more thing. If you've ever needed to give up a rooster for any reason at all, whether they just aren't allowed where you live, or yours was just too mean, or you simply didn't want to deal with it, I totally understand. I'd be the last person to judge you. I didn't write this post to bash anyone. I wrote it only to inspire you if you've been searching for a remedy to deal with your naughty rooster.

Oh, and one last thing. The methods I shared in this post have worked for me. They may not work in every situation or on every breed.

Have you ever had to deal with an aggressive rooster? I'd love to hear your story in the comments below.

Until next time...

Joy--Fearless Farm Girl,

"Farm girl: It's a verb, because it's what you do."

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Why STEAM JUICERS rock! Discover the best way to make and preserve gallons of juice this summer.

My sister is totally awesome...

She's my kid sister, the youngest in my family of four girls, but she and I are homestead buddies. Elli's super resourceful. She showed up here with her Toyota pick-up jammed with all these boxes of grapes she'd gleaned and foraged from several locations (a totally crazy amount of grapes, let me tell ya)! She said if I bought a steam juicer, we could make juice together and split it between us. Cool! I went right out and bought an awesome steam juicer, by Victorio (which, by the way, has been one of the best kitchen tools I ever purchased)! You're going to see it in action today.

Just look at all those grapes! They're a mix of blue, green, and red grapes. All organic, and best of all--FREE! My sister did the hard work of collecting them, and now we had some hard work in front of us to make them into juice and jelly. The event turned into a family affair, because it's true: "Many hands make light work." So keep reading, because today, you're going to meet part of my family :-)

Juice-making is a family affair...

We had soooooo many grapes to de-stem, that everyone got involved. We set up in our "other kitchen" (the house we bought is an old duplex, that's half-way converted to a single family home, so for now we have a "project kitchen"--which is way cool when you're doing something that takes over everything).

I'd like you to meet Elli, my little sis. Hanging out together this way is how we like to spend time together. We talk and talk. On this juice making day, we talked about creating a family farm with multiple dwellings, about dating (her), and parenting (me), and about how different our childhoods were because she was so young and I was so much older when our parents got divorced. I guess that's what happens when people get together in a kitchen (for what turned into three days) to share good old fashioned work together.

When the work started getting dreary, we had music.

Meet Matt, my youngest son. He's the music man. Matt's a unique guy, and so is his taste in music: Caravan Palace. Have you heard of them? They're kind of a modern/tech remix of Twenties-style music. Peppy, wacky-retro and super fun. Just right to keep us going...hour...after hour...

This is my honey, George. He looks very serious. Probably because the music is getting on his nerves. Or all the girl-talk. But he enjoys getting in and helping with big kitchen projects, even though he has more than enough to do all over the farm. (What a guy)!

Things got silly when it got late. You know that feeling when you've worked long and hard, and your feet and back are screaming for a massage, or an essential oil treatment, and you're beyond exhauuuuuusted? That's when the sillies hit and take over your body like an alien invasion. Suddenly EVERYTHING seems funny, no matter how stupid it really is and you regress to middle-school humor. You know what I'm talking about, right? That's where things went late in the day...

Funny silly lovely girl, Elli.

Just plain silly.

OK, that's funny!

But hey, aren't the best memories made of such moments?

Have you had enough? Me too. Let's talk juice-making shall we? To begin, I'll fill you in on what a steam juicer is and how it works, in case you're like me and never heard of this.

What's a steam juicer?

Disclosure: This post contains affiliate links. That means, if you click through and make a purchase, we receive a small percentage in commissions from the company you buy from. We value our readers and want you to know that the products we link to are only products we use ourselves, or that we feel will add value to your life. Thank you for supporting Farm Girl Inspirations! To read our full disclosure statement click here.)

I didn't even know what a steam juicer was before my sis told me about it. But I've since learned, they're not just for making juice. These nifty contraptions have multiple uses: They can double as a stock-pot, a veggie steamer, be used to cook pasta, and you can make not only juice, but syrups and jellies too.

Here's the exact model I got. (Click the image to see it on Amazon):

Why a steam juicer?

In the past, I only ever knew how to make fresh juice with a traditional juicer like the Omega juicer (a fabulous machine). But now, my family makes both fresh and cooked juice. Each for its own merits.

Both fresh and cooked juice have their place on a homestead. Fresh juice is amazing! You get tons of healthy enzymes and nutrients in fresh juice, because they haven't been cooked out. However, fresh juice is also super perishable.

That's what makes canned juice so worthy. It can stay on the shelf a long time, and it doesn't require any refrigeration. Then, in the middle of the winter, when fruits like grapes and berries are out of season, you can still pull out a jar of homemade grape juice for Christmas.

Besides creating jars of juice that can be stored on a shelf, I think the biggest advantage to using a steam juicer is the crazy amount of juice it lets you make, compared to a fresh juicing machine.

How does a steam juicer work?

Steam juicers work by stewing the juice out of the fruit. You bring some water in the bottom pot to a low boil, place a bunch of fruit in the top steamer, then let the the steam do the work. As the fruit heats up, the juices get extracted and run down into the middle section of the juicer. A hose at the bottom of this section siphons the juice down into a pan, or right into your jars, if you do it that way. Pretty cool, huh?

Preparing your fruit for juicing...

To produce the best tasting, sparkling clear juice, there's a little prep-work to do ahead of time. The prep-work is different, depending on what kind of fruit you're juicing. Here's a brief run-down of what's needed for various fruit types:

Berries and grapes: Remove all stems and discard any damaged fruit. Then wash the fruit and place it in the steamer.

Apples, pears, and other fruits with cores: Wash fruit, remove stems and check for blemishes, then cut into quarters. Place cut fruit in the steamer (don't worry about the cores or seeds).

Cherries, peaches, plums and other stone fruits: Wash fruit, remove stems and check for blemishes, then remove the stone (pit). Cut fruit into halves or quarters, depending on size and place in the steamer.

If juicing any other fruit not mentioned above, just remember to remove any portions that you wouldn't normally eat before placing the fruit in the juicer.

Making the juice...

When it comes to making gallons and gallons of juice, a steam juicer is the absolute best way to go.

Today I'm going to show you how to make grape juice specifically. However, if you buy the Victorio steam juicer, it comes with an instruction manual and recipes for other juices, jellies and syrups.

What you'll need to make 7-9 quarts of grape juice:

Ingredients

24-25 pounds (8 quarts) grapes, de-stemmed and washed

1 cup sugar (keep unsweetened if you plan to make jelly)

5 quarts water, plus more to add during cooking

Equipment

Steam juicer

9 quart-size jars with lids and rings

Jar lifter

Thermometer

Water-bath canner (with rack)

(Check out this kit; it contains the water-bath canner, lifter, rack and other tools).

Yields 7-9 quarts of juice

Instructions

To get started, fill the bottom pot of your steam juicer with about 5 quarts of water and bring to a rolling boil. Once the water boils, begin turning the temperature down until it maintains a low boil.

Place grapes in the colander on top (being careful not to overfill), cover and let the steam do its work. You can fit a ton of fruit in the colander (steamer) section which holds up to 8 quarts of fruit! But make sure the lid fits securely, or steam will escape and the steamer won't work properly. If the lid sits ajar, remove some fruit.

Note: If using sugar, just sprinkle it over the top of the grapes once the colander is filled. (Another way is to sweeten the juice to taste by cooking it in a pot with sugar later, but to me this seems inefficient, since you can do it as suggested and eliminate an extra step--which when you're making a hundred thousand batches of juice, who wants an extra step)?!

As the fruit steams, juice (and sugar, if using) will drip down into the middle section called the juice kettle. This can hold up to 4 quarts of juice before it needs to be drained.

In about an hour, you can start draining juice into whatever container you're using. We set a bar stool next to the stove just below the hose. You can drain juice into a pot or right into the jars you're using. It will take about 2 hours for one batch of fruit to go through the juicing process. Be sure to check for juice after about an hour, and don't wait too long to drain it, or it may overflow into the stockpot.

If you're crazy like us and plan to juice 10 or so batches of juice, be sure to allow each batch to completely finish the process, then discard the waste before adding more fruit. Also, you may feel tempted to stir or mash the fruit to expel the juice faster, but this isn't a good idea. It will make the juice cloudy and could change its flavor.

Just a few safety tips...

Always use heat protective gloves or mitts while working with your juicer. Everything about it is hot hot hot. Even the hose and clamp will get hot, so be careful. (Speaking from experience here).

Don't let the stock pot boil dry. Be sure to check the water level frequently and add water when needed.

Don't leave the steamer unattended (like don't go outside to water the garden or check the chickens while your juicer is in operation, unless someone else is keeping an eye on it).

Preserving your juice...

You can preserve your juice 3 ways:

Refrigerate: Fill clean jars and store in fridge. Use within 1 week.

Freeze: Only use wide-mouthed jars for freezing juice, as these and jelly jars are the only ones deemed freezer-safe by jar making companies. Leave 2 inches head-space in each jar to allow for expansion when frozen. Allow juice to cool to room temperature before placing in the freezer. Place jars with an inch of space between them in the freezer.

Water-bath Can: I'll describe briefly the canning process below, but for further instructions on how to properly use a water-bath canner, CLICK HERE.

Guess how many quart jars of juice we ended up with from our juice-making bash, folks. Seventy-five. I said 75! Plus we made 14 pints of jelly. Amazing! If you don't have a steam juicer, consider getting one, my friend. Every homestead should have one.

The water-bath canning process...

Sterilize jars...

When canning juice, you'll need to sterilize your jars first. Wash jars with soap and water and rinse well. Place about 4 inches of water in a water-bath canner and place the rack in the bottom. Submerge the washed jars right-side up and arrange them on the rack so they don't touch each other. Top off with enough water to cover to 1 inch above the tops of the jars. Bring the water to a boil, and boil 10 minutes (boil an additional 1 minute for every 1000 feet of elevation. Then reduce heat and keep the jars in the hot water until ready to use. To use, remove and drain one jar at a time (but save the hot water in the canner for later processing).

What about the lids?

You may be wondering if you should also boil the jar lids. According to the manufacturer of Ball jars and lids, you don't. Apparently this is a recent change. You can read all about it HERE. (It's a pretty interesting article). Long story short, just make sure your lids are washed and clean.

Process (can) the juice ...

Using sterilized jars, fill with juice directly from the hose of the juice steamer. (Caution: Hose will be hot, so only touch the clamp to release the juice). Fill jars to 1/4 inch head-space. Wipe the rim of each of jar with a clean dampened paper towel. Adjust sterilized lids and screw on the rings (finger tighten only). Process in a water-bath canner according to your altitude.

Here's the process times for grape juice:

Altitude of 0-1000 feet: Quart jars (5 minutes) / Half-gallon jars (10 minutes)

Altitude of 1001-6000 feet: Quart jars (10 minutes) / Half-gallon jars (15 minutes)

Altitude of 6001-above feet: Quart jars (15 minutes) / Half-gallon jars (20 minutes)

So you have juice--Now what?

Pretend it's the middle of winter and you just used your last jar of grape jelly. The family is whining because they've turned into jam and jelly snobs and refuse to eat anything but Mom's homemade. So they pout and fuss, wishing there was more and frowning at the tasteless jar from the store (they'd rather eat a jelly-fish, or so they say). What to do? Answer: Use the homemade juice in your pantry! Give those whiners what they're crying for. (I'm just kidding. I know your family doesn't have whiners in it).

As long as your juice is unsweetened and 100% juice, you can use it to make jelly, even if it was canned months ago. (By the way, 100% juice is something hard to find these days at the super-market. I dare you to try. Go read some labels on juice products and you'll see how few contain 100% juice with no additives, no added sugar or water or other concentrates).

So if you run of out jelly before next grape season, all you have to do, my fellow homesteader, is grab a couple jars of last summer's unsweetened juice from the shelf and whip up some jelly. (I love that feeling of self-reliance, don't you)!

What to do with the rest of juice? Besides being prepared to make what you need (when it comes to the family crisis of jelly-lack), you can do the obvious with all that juice on your shelf: Drink up and enjoy!

Glug-glug, my friend.

But leave a jar or two for the jelly-babies.

Or don't.

Until next time...

Joy--Fearless Farm Girl,

"Farm girl: It's a verb, because it's what you do."

Disclosure: This post contains affiliate links. That means if you click through and make a purchase, we receive a small percentage in commissions from the company you buy from. We value you as a reader and want you to know that the products we link to are only products we use ourselves or that we feel will add value to your life. Thank you for supporting Farm Girl Inspirations! To read our full disclosure statement click here.

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